Vitiligo is a skin disease is a chronic disorder that causes the skin to loss its color in patches. It occurs when melanocytes (the color/pigment producing cells), die or are unable to function.
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A substance which gives color to the skin is termed as a “Pigment” and
melanin-pigment
thisprocess is called “Pigmentation”. According to dictionary of popular medical terms, a pigment can be defined as “a substance which gives color to tissue”. Although, variations in skin color is genetic in origin but it also depends upon “pigment” especially “Melanin Pigment” is responsible for skin color.
The tone of human skin is ranging from black to colorless, which may appear pinkish white due to the presence of blood and blood vessels. Pigmentation is dependent to exposure of sunlight as it has been observed that people having ancestors lived in tropical areas and higher latitudes are mostly dark skinned because their skin is more exposed to sunlight than those lived in middle latitudes.
Melanocytes are the cells that produced melanin pigment. There are two types of melanin:-
• Pheomelanin (red in color)
• Eumelanin (very dark brown in color)
Human skin may also vary in intensity of pigmentation because of numerous reasons like race, environmental conditions and diseases. It has to be noted that any change, either increase or decrease in the pigmentation level may cause serious skin problems. Hundred thousands of the people develop skin pigmentation conditions anytime in their lives which cause emotional distress and embarrassment. As in case of the raised pigmentation level, “hyperpigmentation” mostly cause excessive tanning, pregnancy, Addison’s disease and hyperpigmentation of scars. On the other hand, in case of less amount of pigment, “hypopigmentation” the skin gets lighter in color which may result in albinism, Vitiligo, leprosy, hypo-pigmented scars and certain other diseases.
Among all these hypopigmentary disorders, vitiligo is a most common skin problem that causes patches on lighter skin, but it doesn’t cause harmful aspects on our health. Although, Vitiligo pigmentation loss can occur in any age, any gender or in any race. The main causes of skin damage are UV rays coming from the sun. So, you should avoid too much skin exposure. However, any change in your skin color, which you can’t account for, it is better for you to consult with a Physicist.
Pityriasis Alba is a common skin disease now a day. It is also known as
pityriasis-alba
“Pityriasis streptogenes” or “Pityriasis simplex”. As the name indicated for this, “Pityriasis” is so named for “the fine scaly appearance” while “Alba” means “White”. In this disease, as a result of depigmentation as well as hypo pigmentation, dry, scaly and pale spots or lesions appear occasionally on the body parts, especially cheeks are the most common sites. In winter because of dry weather, these white spots are more frequently seen on the skin. The size of lesions may range from ½cm to 20cm. It is a non-cancerous disease.
Pityriasis Alba is a self-limited, chronic and asymptomatic disease. It is caused by sub-normal activity of melanocytes to some melanosomes. It can be found in people of all races but mostly, dark skinned children of about 3 to 16 years become victim of this disease.90% of this skin disease occur in 12 years old children. It is more prevalent in males than females. It is said to be a mild form of Dermatitis.In Pityriasis Alba, patients may progress through following three clinical stages:
• Papular erythematous lesions
• Papular hypochromic lesions
• Smooth hypochromic lesions
In short, these lesions first appear red and raised, then red color fades and turn pale. After this, these lesions become pale, flat and smooth.
Although the exact cause of Pityriasis Alba is no yet described but the factors that promote this skin disease are:-
• Heat and Humidity
• High Scented Soaps
• Abrasive Clothing
• Smoke and Stress
It has to be noted that it usually lasts for one year or more without treatment and it resolves after puberty. But sometimes it may persist for two or three years. So, no treatment is required but a moisturizing cream, lotions, and hydrocortisone etc may be helpful for dryness of skin and can smooth the process of healing. In case of itchy or red patches, a mild topical cream or Pimecromilus cream may make the patches to go away faster. In very severe cases of Pityriasis Alba, local psoralens therapy with or without laser may also reported to be effective.
Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis (IGH) is a common skin disorder which
medical
isseen far more frequently in middle-aged and light skinned females than males. It is also known as “Leukopathia symmetrica progressiva”. It is a benign, harmless condition of depigmentation.
Just like other skin diseases, also in this disease white macules are formed. These macules are small in size ranging from 2 to 5mm, and may be flat, discrete, mild scaly, circular or oval in shape. These macules mostly occur on the body parts that are exposed to sunlight. Usually, they first appear on the front of legs below the knees and then on forearms but they also affect shoulders, chest and face and upper part of the back.
The cause of IGH is speculative. However, it is caused due to the defect of epidermal melanin, reduced no. of melanocytes or in some cases melanocytes (skin cells) fail to produce melanin pigment. In this way overall thickness of skin is also become condensed. Hence, results in Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis. So, depigmentation of guttate hypomelanosis is also important so that it may not be mistaken for Vitiligo which occurs as a result of abnormal pigmentation.
Although, the exact cause of IGM is not known but it has been experienced that UV light also plays an important role. It is thought to be that it also depends upon aging process. In some cases, this disorder seems to be run in families with genetic tendency.
The treatment of IGA is very difficult as it may sometimes leave a residue which may cause a severe problem than the original. So, only in the cases of cosmetic or emotional reasons, treatment may be necessary. Precautionary measures may be helpful to lessen this disorder just like the protection from sun is important because exposure to sunlight is a causative factor for IGM.
Generally, Camouflage make-up can be used to cover the lesions. Following factors can also be introduced to find out the solution:-
• Surgical and semi-surgical correction
• Topical Steroids
• Topical Retinoid
• Minigrafting
• Cryotherapy
• Tretinoin Cream
• Dermabrasion etc.
Nevus depigmentosus was first time introduced by Lesser in 1884. As the
rsz_nevus_depigmentosus
name indicated “Nevus is a Latin word which means “chronic lesions of skin” and “depigmentosus” means “loss of pigment”. So, it is a chronic skin disease which causes depigmentation. It is also known as Nevus achromicus. It is quite different from vitiligo. It attacks on skin in the form of white patches or lesions which are localized, benign, hypopigmented (may cause loss of skin color) and stable. Size of these patches grows with the growth of body.
Mainly, ages of individuals don’t concern with this disease but it has been observed that about 19 percent of Nevus depigmentosus affects the babies at their birth. This disease may affect any area of human body, trunk, legs and hands. But the chest, buttocks and the back are most common sites of affliction. Although patients with Nevus Depigmentosus lead a happy life but they may suffer from neurological abnormalities like seizures, mental retardation etc.
Nevus Depigmentosus is caused due to the deficiency of Melanin Pigment, which is responsible for the color of skin and as a result characteristic white spots form on the body. It may also be caused when melanocytes fail to perform their proper function. Melanocytes, cells which produce melanin pigment are found in the bottom layer of epidermis of skin. According to a latest research, it is concluded that Nevus depigmentosus results from the functional defects of melanocytes as well as due to the morphological abnormalities of melanosomes.
There is also the danger of severe sunburn for the patients of Nevus Depigmentosus on the affected areas on prolonged exposure to skin. Dermatologists are trying their best to find out the proper cause of this skin disease but histopathologic characters of Nevus depigmentosus are not yet fully discovered. It has been also experienced that Nevus Depigmentosus has not to be difficult to differentiate from vitiligo in which complete loss of pigment with the absence of melanocytes occurs.
People With Vitiligo